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Two-member and one-member sentences. One-member and elliptical sentences.
Additional information to the §3 - §4 pages 224 -225
Two-member and one-member sentences. One-member and elliptical
sentences. Two approaches. Types of elliptical sentences.
Two-member sentences
§ 1. The
basic pattern of a simple sentence in English is one subject-predicate unit,
that is, it has two main (principal) positions: those of the subject and of the
predicate. It is the pattern of a two-member sentence. There are several
variations of this basic pattern, depending mainly on the kind of verb occupying
the predicate position. The verb in the predicate position may be intransitive,
transitive, ditransitive or a link verb.
Here
are the main variants of the fundamental (basic) pattern:
1.
John ran.
2.
John is a student.
3.
John is clever.
4.
John learned French.
5.
John gives Mary his books. in London.
6.
John lives there
7.
We found John guilty.
8.
We found John a bore.
The
basic pattern may be unextended or extended.
An
unextended sentence contains two main positions of the basic pattern, that of
the subject and the predicate.
1.
Mary laughed.
2.
Mary is a doctor.
3.
Mary is happy.
An
extended sentence may contain
various optional elements (including
attributes, certain kinds of prepositional objects and adverbial modifiers).
1.John
ran quickly to me.
2.My
friend John is a very kind student.
3.Mary
laughed heartily at the joke.
Obligatory
extending elements are those which complete the meaning of other words, usually
verbs, or pronouns, which without them make no or little sense. Therefore,
obligatory elements are called complements.
1.John
learned French. (the meaning of "learned" is incomplete without the
object "French")
2.John
gives Mary his books. (the meaning of "gives Mary" conveys a
different meaning without the object "his books")
3.John
lives in London. (the meaning of "lives" is incomplete without an
adverbial of place)
One-member sentences
§
4. One-member sentences in English are of two types: nominal sentences and verbal
sentences. Nominal sentences are those in which the principal part is expressed by a noun. They state the
existence of the things expressed by them. They are typical of descriptions.
Nominal
sentences may be:
a)
unextended.
Silence.
Summer. Midnight.
b)
extended.
Dusk - of a
summer night.
The grass,
this good, soft, lush grass.
English
spring flowers!
Verbal
sentences are those in which the principal part
is expressed by a non-finite form of the verb, either an infinitive or a
gerund. Infinitive and gerundial one-member sentences are mostly used to
describe different emotional perceptions of reality.
1.To
think of that!
2.To
think that he should have met her again in this way!
3.Living
at the mercy of a woman!
Elliptical (incomplete) sentences
§
5. A two-member sentence may be either complete
or incomplete (elliptical).
An elliptical sentence is a sentence in which one or more word-forms in the
principal positions are omitted. Ellipsis here refers only to the
structural elements of the sentence, not the informational ones. This means
that those words can be omitted, because they have only grammatical, structural
relevance, and do not carry any new relevant information.
In
English elliptical sentences are only those having no word-forms in the subject
and predicate positions, i.e., in the positions which constitute the structural
core of the sentence.
There
are several types of elliptical sentences.
1. Sentences
without a word-form in the subject position.
Looks like
rain.
Seems
difficult.
Don’t know
anything about it.
2. Sentences
without word-forms in the subject position and part of the predicate position.
In such cases the omitted part of the predicate may be either a) an auxiliary
verb or b) a link verb.
a)
Going home soon?
See
what I mean?
Heard
nothing about him lately.
b)
Not bad.
Free
this evening?
Nice
of you to come.
Susan's
father?
3. Sentences
without a word-form only in part of the predicate position, which may be an
auxiliary or a link verb.
You seen
them?
Everything fixed?
You sure?
All settled.
4. Sentences
without word-forms both in the subject and the predicate position. Such
ellipses occur in various responses.
What time
does Dave come for lunch? - One o'clock.
What were you
thinking about? - You.
What do you
want of us? Miracles?
Where're you
going? - Home.
5. Sentences
without a word-form in the predicate position. Such ellipses occur only in
replies to questions.
Who lives
there? - Jack.
What's happened? - Nothing.
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